The goal of this paper is to serve as a guide for selecting a detection architecture that achieves the right speed/memory/accuracy balance for a given application and platform. To this end, we investigate various ways to trade accuracy for speed and memory usage in modern convolutional object detection systems. A number of successful systems have been proposed in recent years, but apples-toapples comparisons are difficult due to different base feature extractors (e.g., VGG, Residual Networks), different default image resolutions, as well as different hardware and software platforms. We present a unified implementation of the Faster R-CNN [31], R-FCN [6] and SSD [26] systems, which we view as "meta-architectures" and trace out the speed/accuracy trade-off curve created by using alternative feature extractors and varying other critical parameters such as image size within each of these meta-architectures. On one extreme end of this spectrum where speed and memory are critical, we present a detector that achieves real time speeds and can be deployed on a mobile device. On the opposite end in which accuracy is critical, we present a detector that achieves state-of-the-art performance measured on the COCO detection task.

The rapid growth of machine translation (MT) systems has necessitated comprehensive studies to meta-evaluate evaluation metrics being used, which enables a better selection of metrics that best reflect MT quality. Unfortunately, most of the research focuses on high-resource languages, mainly English, the observations for which may not always apply to other languages. Indian languages, having over a billion speakers, are linguistically different from English, and to date, there has not been a systematic study of evaluating MT systems from English into Indian languages. In this paper, we fill this gap by creating an MQM dataset consisting of 7000 fine-grained annotations, spanning 5 Indian languages and 7 MT systems, and use it to establish correlations between annotator scores and scores obtained using existing automatic metrics. Our results show that pre-trained metrics, such as COMET, have the highest correlations with annotator scores. Additionally, we find that the metrics do not adequately capture fluency-based errors in Indian languages, and there is a need to develop metrics focused on Indian languages. We hope that our dataset and analysis will help promote further research in this area.

We present, Naamapadam, the largest publicly available Named Entity Recognition (NER) dataset for the 11 major Indian languages from two language families. In each language, it contains more than 400k sentences annotated with a total of at least 100k entities from three standard entity categories (Person, Location and Organization) for 9 out of the 11 languages. The training dataset has been automatically created from the Samanantar parallel corpus by projecting automatically tagged entities from an English sentence to the corresponding Indian language sentence. We also create manually annotated testsets for 8 languages containing approximately 1000 sentences per language. We demonstrate the utility of the obtained dataset on existing testsets and the Naamapadam-test data for 8 Indic languages. We also release IndicNER, a multilingual mBERT model fine-tuned on the Naamapadam training set. IndicNER achieves the best F1 on the Naamapadam-test set compared to an mBERT model fine-tuned on existing datasets. IndicNER achieves an F1 score of more than 80 for 7 out of 11 Indic languages. The dataset and models are available under open-source licenses at https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/naamapadam.

Recent times have witnessed an increasing number of applications of deep neural networks towards solving tasks that require superior cognitive abilities, e.g., playing Go, generating art, question answering (such as ChatGPT), etc. Such a dramatic progress raises the question: how generalizable are neural networks in solving problems that demand broad skills? To answer this question, we propose SMART: a Simple Multimodal Algorithmic Reasoning Task and the associated SMART-101 dataset, for evaluating the abstraction, deduction, and generalization abilities of neural networks in solving visuo-linguistic puzzles designed specifically for children in the 6-8 age group. Our dataset consists of 101 unique puzzles; each puzzle comprises a picture and a question, and their solution needs a mix of several elementary skills, including arithmetic, algebra, and spatial reasoning, among others. To scale our dataset towards training deep neural networks, we programmatically generate entirely new instances for each puzzle while retaining their solution algorithm. To benchmark the performance on the SMART-101 dataset, we propose a vision and language meta-learning model using varied state-of-the-art backbone neural networks. Our experiments reveal that while powerful deep models offer reasonable performances on puzzles that they are trained on, they are not better than random accuracy when analyzed for generalization. We also evaluate the recent ChatGPT large language model on a subset of our dataset and find that while ChatGPT produces convincing reasoning abilities, the answers are often incorrect.

In this work, we introduce IndicXTREME, a benchmark consisting of nine diverse tasks covering 18 languages from the Indic sub-continent belonging to four different families. Across languages and tasks, IndicXTREME contains a total of 103 evaluation sets, of which 51 are new contributions to the literature. To maintain high quality, we only use human annotators to curate or translate\footnote{for IndicXParaphrase, where an automatic translation system is used, a second human verification and correction step is done.} our datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward creating a standard benchmark for Indic languages that aims to test the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained language models. We also release IndicCorp v2, an updated and much larger version of IndicCorp that contains 20.9 billion tokens in 24 languages. We pretrain IndicBERT v2 on IndicCorp v2 and evaluate it on IndicXTREME to show that it outperforms existing multilingual language models such as XLM-R and MuRIL.

Recently, graph neural networks have been gaining a lot of attention to simulate dynamical systems due to their inductive nature leading to zero-shot generalizability. Similarly, physics-informed inductive biases in deep-learning frameworks have been shown to give superior performance in learning the dynamics of physical systems. There is a growing volume of literature that attempts to combine these two approaches. Here, we evaluate the performance of thirteen different graph neural networks, namely, Hamiltonian and Lagrangian graph neural networks, graph neural ODE, and their variants with explicit constraints and different architectures. We briefly explain the theoretical formulation highlighting the similarities and differences in the inductive biases and graph architecture of these systems. We evaluate these models on spring, pendulum, gravitational, and 3D deformable solid systems to compare the performance in terms of rollout error, conserved quantities such as energy and momentum, and generalizability to unseen system sizes. Our study demonstrates that GNNs with additional inductive biases, such as explicit constraints and decoupling of kinetic and potential energies, exhibit significantly enhanced performance. Further, all the physics-informed GNNs exhibit zero-shot generalizability to system sizes an order of magnitude larger than the training system, thus providing a promising route to simulate large-scale realistic systems.

Cement is the most used construction material. The performance of cement hydrate depends on the constituent phases, viz. alite, belite, aluminate, and ferrites present in the cement clinker, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Traditionally, clinker phases are analyzed from optical images relying on a domain expert and simple image processing techniques. However, the non-uniformity of the images, variations in the geometry and size of the phases, and variabilities in the experimental approaches and imaging methods make it challenging to obtain the phases. Here, we present a machine learning (ML) approach to detect clinker microstructure phases automatically. To this extent, we create the first annotated dataset of cement clinker by segmenting alite and belite particles. Further, we use supervised ML methods to train models for identifying alite and belite regions. Specifically, we finetune the image detection and segmentation model Detectron-2 on the cement microstructure to develop a model for detecting the cement phases, namely, Cementron. We demonstrate that Cementron, trained only on literature data, works remarkably well on new images obtained from our experiments, demonstrating its generalizability. We make Cementron available for public use.

Lagrangian和Hamiltonian神经网络（分别是LNN和HNN）编码强诱导偏见，使它们能够显着优于其他物理系统模型。但是，到目前为止，这些模型大多仅限于简单的系统，例如摆和弹簧或单个刚体的身体，例如陀螺仪或刚性转子。在这里，我们提出了一个拉格朗日图神经网络（LGNN），可以通过利用其拓扑来学习刚体的动态。我们通过学习以刚体为刚体的棒的绳索，链条和桁架的动力学来证明LGNN的性能。 LGNN还表现出普遍性 - 在链条上训练了一些细分市场的LGNN具有概括性，以模拟具有大量链接和任意链路长度的链条。我们还表明，LGNN可以模拟看不见的混合动力系统，包括尚未接受过培训的酒吧和链条。具体而言，我们表明LGNN可用于建模复杂的现实世界结构的动力学，例如紧张结构的稳定性。最后，我们讨论了质量矩阵的非对角性性质及其在复杂系统中概括的能力。

具有基于物理的诱导偏见的神经网络，例如拉格朗日神经网络（LNN）和汉密尔顿神经网络（HNN），通过编码强诱导性偏见来学习物理系统的动态。另外，还显示出适当的感应偏见的神经odes具有相似的性能。但是，当这些模型应用于基于粒子的系统时，本质上具有转导性，因此不会推广到大型系统尺寸。在本文中，我们提出了基于图的神经ode gnode，以了解动力学系统的时间演变。此外，我们仔细分析了不同电感偏差对GNODE性能的作用。我们表明，与LNN和HNN类似，对约束进行编码可以显着提高GNODE的训练效率和性能。我们的实验还评估了该模型最终性能的其他归纳偏差（例如纽顿第三定律）的价值。我们证明，诱导这些偏见可以在能量违规和推出误差方面通过数量级来增强模型的性能。有趣的是，我们观察到，经过最有效的电感偏见训练的GNODE，即McGnode，优于LNN和HNN的图形版本，即Lagrangian Graph Networks（LGN）和Hamiltonian Graph网络（HGN）在能量侵犯的方面差异，该图表的差异大约是能量侵犯网络（HGN）摆钟系统的4个数量级，春季系统的数量级约为2个数量级。这些结果表明，可以通过诱导适当的电感偏见来获得基于节点的系统的能源保存神经网络的竞争性能。

指纹特征提取是使用全局或局部表示的求解的任务。最先进的全球方法使用大量深度学习模型一次处理完整的指纹图像，从而使相应的方法记忆密集型。另一方面，本地方法涉及基于细节的补丁提取，多个特征提取步骤和昂贵的匹配阶段，从而使相应的接近时间密集型。但是，这两种方法都为解决问题提供了有用的，有时甚至是独家见解。使用两种方法一起提取指纹表示，在语义上是有用的，但效率很低。我们采用内置小型萃取器的基于卷积变压器的方法为提取指纹的全局和局部表示提供了时间和记忆有效的解决方案。这些表示形式的使用以及智能匹配过程为我们提供了多个数据库的最先进性能。项目页面可以在https://saraansh199999.github.io/global-plus-plus-local-fp-transformer上找到。